Explanation: The main principle of an organization encompasses unity of command, effective command and control, and delegation of authority. Unity of command ensures a clear chain of command, effective command and control lead to efficient operations, and delegation of authority empowers individuals at various levels. Together, these principles contribute to a well-structured and organized organization.
Explanation: The main advantage of line organization lies in its effective command and control structure, clearly defined responsibilities at all levels, and the ability to make quick decisions. These characteristics contribute to organizational efficiency and discipline.
Explanation: The main disadvantage of line organization includes a potential monopoly at the top level, a rigid organizational structure, and delays in communication. These drawbacks may hinder flexibility and responsiveness in certain situations.
Explanation: Military organization is commonly known as a line organization, emphasizing a clear chain of command and direct lines of authority.
Explanation: Frederick W. Taylor introduced a system of working known as functional organization, emphasizing specialization and efficiency in specific functions.
Explanation: The salient feature of functional organization includes strict adherence to specifications, the separation of planning and execution, and each individual maintaining a functional design part.
Explanation: The construction industry commonly uses line organization, emphasizing a clear chain of command for effective project management.
Explanation: Line organization is mostly suitable for simple work, where a straightforward chain of command is effective for coordination.
Explanation: Line and staff organization is mostly suitable for both simple and complicated work, as it combines the efficiency of line organization with specialized staff support.
Explanation: The main responsibility of an overseer/Sub-Engineer includes teaching subordinates, planning and executing work, and understanding various duties associated with the role.
Explanation: The owner gets assurance of work progress and quality from the engineer overseeing the project.
Explanation: Aggregate planning involves planning for the entire project, considering all activities and resources involved.
Explanation: The objective of technical planning includes the preparation of specifications and estimates, initiating resource procurement, and addressing execution bottlenecks.
Explanation: Critical ratio scheduling is the technique used for establishing and maintaining priorities among various jobs of a project.
Explanation: Line of balance technique is used for comparing actual progress with the scheduled progress in a project.
Explanation: Restraint, in the context of project management, refers to a restriction on the schedule or resources. It can have both positive and negative durations. Positive duration implies a delay or extension, while negative duration implies an acceleration or compression in the schedule. Therefore, option (c) is correct, indicating that restraint can encompass both positive and negative durations depending on the project context.
Explanation: In resource smoothing, the primary constraint is on the project duration time. The goal is to level the resources without extending the overall project duration. Therefore, option (b) is correct, indicating that the constraint in resource smoothing is related to the project’s time duration.
Explanation: In resource leveling, the main constraint is typically on the resources themselves. The objective is to balance resource demand to prevent overloading or underutilization. Therefore, option (a) is correct, indicating that the primary constraint in resource leveling is related to the allocation and availability of resources.
Explanation: The responsibility for preparing a work plan to ensure the timely execution of work lies with the contractor. The contractor develops a detailed plan outlining the sequence of activities, resource allocation, and schedule to meet project milestones. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The contractor holds the primary responsibility for accidents occurring at the construction site. Safety measures, risk assessments, and accident prevention fall under the contractor’s duty. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The schedule of rate is typically preferred in tenders where the rates for various items of work are predetermined. This allows for transparency and clarity in cost estimation. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Tender documents typically include a tender form, Bill of Quantities (BOQ), and the amount of earnest money. However, the unit rate is not explicitly mentioned in the tender documents. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The amount of earnest money deposited during the submission of a tender is typically in the range of 2-3% of the estimated project amount. This serves as a commitment from the bidder. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The Value Added Tax (VAT) for the purchase of steel is calculated based on the purchase amount. In this case, the VAT amount for NRs. 6000 would be 13% of 6000, which is 780.
Explanation: The maximum amount for the approval of a tender by a Gazetted 3rd class officer is typically limited to a specified monetary value. In this case, it is three crore. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The amount of money paid to the contractor after the agreement and before the execution of work is known as mobilization funds. This is to assist the contractor in mobilizing resources and initiating the project. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: A contractor in construction can be an individual person, a firm, or an agency. It encompasses a broad category of entities involved in the execution of construction projects. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The construction team consists of various stakeholders, including engineers, owners, and contractors, working collaboratively to complete a construction project. Each member plays a crucial role in the project’s success. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Modular coordination in construction encompasses planning, designing, and execution. It is a comprehensive approach that ensures standardized and coordinated dimensions for various building components. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Residential buildings are generally considered as light construction. This classification is based on the complexity, size, and usage characteristics of the structure. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Power stations, due to their complex infrastructure and specialized nature, are generally categorized as industrial construction. These projects involve the construction of facilities for power generation and are often considered heavy and industrial in nature. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Railway projects, involving the construction of tracks, bridges, and associated infrastructure, are typically considered heavy construction. These projects often require substantial engineering and construction efforts, contributing to their classification as heavy construction. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The golden rule for the procurement of construction work suggests a balanced approach, with 67% of the work executed at the site and 33% managed through procurement processes. This distribution aims to optimize efficiency and resource utilization. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The first stage of construction involves the initiation of a proposal. This marks the initial phase where project ideas are conceived, and the groundwork for the construction project is laid out. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The foundation is considered the most critical stage of construction, as it provides the structural support for the entire building. The stability and integrity of the foundation are crucial for the overall success and safety of the construction project. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: A construction schedule is prepared by collecting information on the number of operations, output of labor and machinery, and the quantity of various items required for the project. This comprehensive data forms the basis for creating an effective construction schedule. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Policy in the context of construction refers to a set of broad guidelines stipulated by management. It provides a framework for decision-making and actions within the organization. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Updating a construction schedule may result in changes to the critical path, leading to either a decrease or an increase in project completion time. The impact depends on the adjustments made during the updating process. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The pictorial representation of activities and events in a project is known as a network diagram or net work. It visually represents the sequence and interdependencies of project activities. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Gantt charts indicate the comparison of actual progress with the scheduled progress in a graphical format. They provide a visual representation of project timelines and help assess whether activities are on schedule. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Gantt charts conveniently show jobs that are going ahead of schedule by visually representing the planned and actual progress of activities over time. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Henry Gantt developed the bar chart technique in the year 1900 AD. The Gantt chart has since become a widely used tool in project management for visualizing schedules and timelines. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Gantt charts are drawn to represent the relationship between time and activities in a project. The horizontal axis typically represents time, while the vertical axis represents different project activities. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: A drawback of a bar chart is that the sequence of activities is not clearly defined. Bar charts may not adequately represent the interdependencies and logical order of activities in a project. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The weakness in bar charts includes the fact that various activities are interdependent, there may be uncertainty in the duration of various activities, and the sequence of activities is not always very clear. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Bar charts are considered suitable for minor projects or projects with relatively simple and straightforward task dependencies. They are effective for visually representing the sequence of activities and their durations in smaller projects. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: On a bar chart, the various activities of a project are typically shown by horizontal lines. Each line represents a specific activity, and the length of the line corresponds to the duration of that activity. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The upper portion of horizontal bars in a bar chart indicates the progress of work in the specified time. It visually represents the completion status of each activity within the project timeline. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Milestone charts were developed in the year 1940 AD. They are a graphical representation that highlights significant project milestones, providing a visual overview of key events in the project timeline. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: A milestone chart shows the events in chronological order but may not necessarily represent the logical sequence or interdependence of various jobs. It focuses on highlighting key events or milestones in the project timeline. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The interrelationship between the functional elements of a program is achieved through a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The term CPM in construction management stands for Critical Path Method. CPM is a project management technique used to plan and control projects by identifying the critical path, which is the sequence of activities with the longest duration. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The CPM family includes Critical Path Analysis (CPA), Critical Path Plotted (CPP), and Critical Path Scheduling (CPS). These are various approaches and techniques within the broader framework of the Critical Path Method. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: In CPM analysis, emphasis is given to activities, uncertainties are considered, and activities are represented by arrows in a network diagram. CPM provides a comprehensive approach to project scheduling and management. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: CPM network is activity-oriented, focusing on the sequencing and dependencies of various activities within a project. Each activity is represented by a node in the network. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: CPM adopts a deterministic approach, meaning it considers fixed durations for activities without incorporating probabilistic variations. It provides a deterministic model for project scheduling. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: In CPM, cost optimization is given prime importance. The method focuses on minimizing project costs while ensuring timely project completion. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: All the statements are correct. The arrow representing an activity in a CPM network is drawn without any scale, the head of an activity represents the finish of the activity, and the tail represents the start of the activity. Therefore, option (d) is incorrect.
Explanation: In CPM, post-operations are marked to the right of the operation they follow in the network diagram. This convention helps in visually representing the sequence of activities. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: In CPM method, the earliest finish time is indicated by time on the top right, outside the circle, in a rectangle associated with each activity. This provides a clear representation of the earliest finish time for each activity in the network. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The latest finish time in CPM technique is indicated by a time value on the top right, outside the circle, in a rectangle associated with each activity. This rectangle represents the scheduled completion time of the activity. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: When the times of earliest finish and the latest finish are equal in an operation, the operation is called critical. Critical activities have zero float, meaning any delay in these activities would result in a delay in the overall project completion. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The scheduled completion time of an operation in a CPM chart is mentioned on the left top corner outside the circle, typically in a triangle. This provides a clear indication of the scheduled completion time for each activity. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The following relation holds good in CPM: – EF (Earliest Finish) = ES (Earliest Start) + D (Duration) – LS (Latest Start) = LF (Latest Finish) – D (Duration) – LF (Latest Finish) = LS (Latest Start) + D (Duration) These relations describe the time relationships between the various parameters in the CPM analysis. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: A dummy activity in CPM does not represent any actual work and does not require any resources or time for completion. It is used to maintain the logical sequence and dependencies between activities in the network. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: A fictitious activity with zero duration and no cost, used to maintain the sequential order of activities in the network, is known as a dummy activity. Dummy activities are represented by dashed lines in the network diagram. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The activity which neither takes time nor cost for its completion but is logically required to start the succeeding activity can be referred to as a dummy activity, fictitious activity, or redundant activity. All these terms may be used interchangeably in different contexts. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The occurrence of the starting of an activity is called its tail event. The tail event represents the beginning of an activity in the CPM network diagram. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The occurrence of the completion of an activity is called its head event. The head event represents the end of an activity in the CPM network diagram. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The dual-role event can be any event other than the head and tail events. This event may have significance in certain contexts but does not represent the starting or ending point of an activity. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Float, in the context of project scheduling, refers to the latest time by which an activity can be delayed without affecting the overall project completion time. It represents the flexibility or slack time available for an activity. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The estimated time required to complete an activity is termed as duration. Duration represents the amount of time necessary for the completion of a specific activity in the project schedule. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Free float is mainly used to identify the activities which can be delayed without affecting the total float of succeeding activity. It helps in understanding the flexibility available for individual activities without impacting the overall project schedule. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Free float for any activity is defined as the difference between its earliest finish time and earliest start time for its successor activity. It represents the time available for an activity to be delayed without affecting the start time of its succeeding activity. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Free float is the portion of positive total float available for an activity. It represents the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without affecting the overall project completion time. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: When an activity has zero total float, it means that the activity is critical, and any delay in its start will delay the entire project. In such a case, both free float and independent float must be zero to ensure that the activity cannot be delayed without affecting the project’s completion time. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Total float for any activity is defined as the difference between its latest start time and earliest start time. It represents the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the overall project completion time. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The difference between total float and free float is termed as interfering float. Interfering float is the portion of total float that is shared between the start of an activity and the start of its succeeding activity. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The difference between total float and free float, also known as interfering float, is the slack of the head event. It represents the time available for an activity to be delayed without affecting the start time of its succeeding activity. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The time by which a particular activity can be delayed without affecting the preceding and succeeding activities is known as independent float. It represents the flexibility available for that specific activity without impacting the overall project schedule. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Independent float affects only the particular activity for which it is calculated. It represents the flexibility available for that specific activity without affecting the start or finish times of other activities. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The duration of time by which an activity can be delayed without affecting the succeeding activity is called free float. Free float affects only the preceding activities and represents the flexibility available without impacting the start time of the succeeding activity. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Positive float can occur in sub-critical activities. Sub-critical activities have more time available than needed for completion, allowing for some delay without affecting the project schedule. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Negative float can occur in super-critical activities. Super-critical activities have less time available than needed for completion, making any delay in these activities critical for the project schedule. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The critical path connecting the start and end events is always the longest path timewise in a project network. It represents the sequence of activities that determines the overall project completion time. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: For the completion of a project, the critical path of the network represents the minimum time required to finish the project. The critical path determines the shortest duration in which the project can be completed. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The minimum number of critical paths in a network should be 1. The critical path is the unique sequence of activities that determines the overall project completion time. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Critical activities, by definition, have zero total float. Total float is the measure of flexibility in the start and finish times of activities, and critical activities cannot be delayed without affecting the project completion time. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The critical path is the ideal path that, when followed, ensures the project can be completed as per the schedule. It represents the sequence of activities that determines the minimum time required for project completion. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The critical path network helps the engineer in various ways, including concentrating attention on critical activities, allocating resources effectively, and being cautious to avoid delays in critical activities. All of the mentioned options are correct. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: When paths are arranged according to the descending order of the float, the path next to the critical path can be referred to as under-critical, sub-critical, or semi-critical. These terms may be used interchangeably to describe paths with less criticality compared to the critical path. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: CPM (Critical Path Method) is known as the minimum cost or maximum time schedule method. It is a project management technique that helps in planning, scheduling, and controlling projects. PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is another technique used for project management, and a bar chart is a different type of project scheduling tool. However, CPM is specifically associated with the minimum cost or maximum time schedule method. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The critical path is the path with the minimum slack in a project network. Slack is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project. The critical path has zero slack, meaning any delay in its activities will directly impact the project’s completion time. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The earliest finish time of an activity is always equal to or less than the earliest event time of the following node in the project network. It represents the earliest time by which the activity can be completed without delaying the subsequent events. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The latest start time of an activity is always more than or equal to the latest event time of the preceding node in the project network. It represents the latest time by which the activity can start without delaying the subsequent events. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The latest start time of an activity is the latest time by which the activity can be started without delaying the overall project completion time. It is a critical parameter in project scheduling. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: In a CPM (Critical Path Method) network, an activity is a specific task or operation that consumes time and resources. “Excavation for foundation” is an example of an activity in a CPM network. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: In a CPM (Critical Path Method) network, an event is a point in time when some significant milestone or accomplishment occurs. “Concrete cured” is an example of an event in a CPM network. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Explanation: PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is event-oriented. It focuses on events, which are significant points in time, and the relationships among these events in a project. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: In project management, an event represents the terminals of an activity. It is a point in time when something significant happens in the course of a project. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is particularly useful for large and complex projects, including research and development projects. It helps in analyzing and managing the uncertainties and dependencies associated with such projects. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Bar charts are commonly used for minor and simple projects, while CPM (Critical Path Method) is suitable for projects with repetitive work. PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is used for projects with uncertainties in both time and resources. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: In a CPM (Critical Path Method) network diagram, the operation that must complete first is the one to the left of the line joining two circles. This indicates the precedence relationship, and the operation to the left should be completed before the one on the right. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: An operation in a CPM (Critical Path Method) network may have more than one pre-operation, indicating multiple tasks that must be completed before the operation can start. Therefore, option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Wall construction and carpentry work of doors and windows are examples of parallel activities. These tasks can be performed simultaneously without waiting for the completion of each other. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The slack for an event is the difference between the latest time it can occur (TLj) and the earliest time it must occur (TEi).
Explanation: Negative slack means an event or activity is behind schedule, as it indicates that there is not enough time to complete the task within the given constraints.
Explanation: Negative slack may occur when there is a shortage of resources, causing delays in completing activities within the planned time.
Explanation: SLACK time refers to the float or slack associated with an event in a project network.
Explanation: ‘Wait’ in CPM refers to an activity, where some task or operation is waiting for a specific condition or predecessor activity to be completed.
Explanation: In PERT, the completion of an activity is represented by a head event, which signifies the endpoint of the activity.
Explanation: PERT provides benefits to management in formulating schedules, coordinating tasks, and making adjustments to meet project targets.
Explanation: Variance is the mean of squared deviations from the mean of a distribution.
Explanation: PERT involves considering optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time estimates for activities.
Explanation: The average time in PERT is calculated using the formula (a + 4m + b) / 6.
Explanation: The expected time (TE) is calculated as (a + 4m + b) / 6 = (1 + 4(3) + 11) / 6 = 4 days.
Explanation: In PERT, events represent significant points in time, and “Concrete cured” is an event indicating the completion of a specific activity.
Explanation: PERT represents the start and end of activities with events in the project network.
Explanation: The standard deviation for a β-distribution curve is calculated as (tp – to) / 6.
Explanation: The standard deviation is calculated as (11 – 1) / 6 = 1.67 days.
Explanation: In PERT, the actual performance of a task is represented by an event in the network.
Explanation: Optimistic time in PERT is the minimum time required for the completion of an activity under the best possible conditions.
Explanation: Pessimistic time in PERT is the maximum time an activity might take under the worst possible conditions.
Explanation: The most likely time in PERT is the time an activity will take under normal conditions, having the highest probability of occurrence.
Explanation: PERT uses a Beta distribution curve for time estimates of activities.
Explanation: The square root of the variance is the standard deviation.
Explanation: Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean, and it will be zero only if each deviation is zero.
Explanation: Variance = [(tp – to)/6]2 = [(14 – 2)/6]2 = 4
Explanation: Fulkerson’s numbering for the events A, B, C, D, E is 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.
Explanation: Such a stage or point is called an event in project network analysis.
Explanation: The latest allowable time for an event i is equal to the minimum of (TLj – TEij) over all activities ending at event i.
Explanation: There is no specific term for an activity that consumes maximum time; the critical path determines the longest path in the project.
Explanation: The symbol indicates a merge, where multiple activities or paths converge into a single event.
Explanation: The symbol indicates a burst, where multiple activities or paths originate from a single event.
Explanation: Time and progress charts in construction can be represented using a bar chart, Gantt chart, or CPM.
Explanation: Standard deviation measures the spread or variability of a set of values. A higher standard deviation indicates greater variability, which translates to higher uncertainty in the context of project management. It implies that the values in the dataset are more dispersed from the mean, making predictions less reliable.
Explanation: In CPM (Critical Path Method), the completion of an activity can be referred to as an event, a node, or a connector. These terms are used interchangeably to denote the point in the project where a specific task or activity is finished.
Explanation: In a CPM/PERT network, an event can be represented by a number enclosed in a circle, square, or triangle. The different shapes are used for visual clarity, and the enclosed number signifies the sequence or identification of the event.
Explanation: Slack time in PERT analysis refers to the total time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the project. It is minimum for critical events, as any delay in these events directly affects the project’s overall duration.
Explanation: The subscript E in tijE signifies the expected time in PERT and reflects the uncertainty factor associated with estimating the time required for activity completion.
Explanation: While “Site located” is an essential step, it doesn’t represent an individual activity in the context of project management. Activities typically involve specific tasks or processes that contribute to the project’s progression.
Explanation: The number of events in a CPM/PERT network can be less than, more than, or equal to the number of activities depending on the complexity of the project. Each event represents a point in time where activities either begin or end.
Explanation: A dangling event occurs when no activity emerges from an event other than the final event. It is an error in network planning that needs correction.
Explanation: Looping happens when the path of activities forms a closed loop, potentially causing an infinite sequence. It is an error in network planning that requires correction.
Explanation: Total project time is the sum of the durations of critical activities, as any delay in these activities would extend the overall project duration.
Explanation: The expected project duration in CPM follows a normal distribution curve, assuming that the activity durations are normally distributed.
Explanation: A frequency distribution curve expresses the relationship between jobs of a particular type and the various durations they have consumed for completion.
Explanation: A frequency distribution curve can be uninodal, normal, or skew, depending on its shape and characteristics.
Explanation: When the frequency distribution curve is symmetrical, the mean coincides with the mode, providing a measure of central tendency.
Explanation: A normal distribution curve, when the height of the frequency-distribution underneath it is equal to unity, is a standard representation of a normal distribution.
Explanation: The area under the Beta (B) distribution curve in PERT is divided into two equal parts by the expected time. This is a significant point in the distribution.
Explanation: The standard deviation of the time of completion of the project in PERT is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of standard deviations of critical path activities divided by the total number of activities.
Explanation: Variance is a measure of the dispersion of data points from the mean. A larger variance indicates greater variability or uncertainty in the data.
Explanation: The expected time (TE) is calculated as TE = (a + 4m + b) / 6, and the variance (V) is calculated as V = (b – a)² / 36. For this activity, TE = 4 and V = 4/9.
Explanation: The probability factor in PERT is determined by the difference between the scheduled time and the earliest expected time, divided by the standard deviation.
Explanation: The probability of completing any activity within its expected time in PERT is considered to be 50%, indicating an equal likelihood of completion before or after the expected time.
Explanation: A probability factor of zero implies a 50% chance of completing the project in the scheduled time.
Explanation: Economic saving of time in project management is achieved by crashing the cheapest critical activity, as it minimizes the cost impact.
Explanation: The crash project duration is obtained by adding the crash durations for all the activities along the critical path, as these activities determine the minimum project duration.
Explanation: Crashing a project involves shortening the project duration by allocating additional resources, often incurring extra costs.
Explanation: The slack time is calculated as the difference between the completion time and the expected time. In this case, it is -2 weeks, indicating that the project is behind schedule.
Explanation: Normal time is the duration with which direct cost does not reduce with an increase in time, representing the standard or baseline completion time.
Explanation: Crash time is the minimum time below which the duration cannot be further reduced, even with additional resources.
Explanation: The cost corresponding to crash time may involve maximizing direct cost, minimizing indirect cost, or resulting in the maximum total cost, depending on project characteristics.
Explanation: The time corresponding to the minimum total project cost typically lies between normal and crash time, balancing direct and indirect costs.
Explanation: The direct cost of a project with respect to normal time represents the baseline cost without any time compression. It is the minimum cost required to complete the project within the normal time frame.
Explanation: The reduction in project time often leads to increased direct costs due to the allocation of additional resources. However, indirect costs may decrease as the project is completed more quickly.
Explanation: The cost-slope, also known as the cost gradient, is defined as the difference between crash cost and normal cost divided by the difference in normal time and crash time.
Explanation: The total cost versus time curve of an activity typically follows a U-shaped pattern, where total cost is minimized at a certain point, indicating the optimum duration.
Explanation: Direct costs of a project are those directly associated with the construction, such as materials and wages of labor.
Explanation: Indirect costs typically increase with the duration of the project, as they include expenses like overheads and other associated costs.
Explanation: The total cost of a project includes both direct costs (e.g., materials, labor) and indirect costs (e.g., overheads, administrative expenses).
Explanation: The total project cost may initially reduce as the project duration decreases due to reduced indirect costs. However, it may increase again if further time reduction leads to higher direct costs.
Explanation: Crashing activities along the critical path usually starts with the activity having the least cost slope, as it represents the most cost-effective way to reduce project duration.
Explanation: A project is an organized effort involving teamwork to achieve specific objectives within a defined time frame.
Explanation: “Tool Box Talk” is conducted before the start of the day’s work to discuss safety measures and ensure a safe working environment.
Explanation: The district rate finalizing committee typically includes representatives from various stakeholders but not necessarily from the Nepal Engineer’s Association, district unit.
Explanation: The completion report includes a compilation of all relevant documents, such as bills, variations, and as-built drawings, providing a comprehensive overview of the project implementation.
Explanation: Muster rolls are used to record the attendance of workers employed on a daily basis and facilitate the payment of their wages.
Explanation: The key dates in a standard contracting procedure typically include the call for bidding, bid submission, and contract award phases, highlighting the important milestones in the procurement process.
Explanation: Amicable settlement refers to the resolution of disputes through discussion and negotiation among all involved parties, leading to a consensus and avoiding more formal dispute resolution mechanisms.
Explanation: In Critical Path Method (CPM), an activity refers to a specific task or work element that needs to be performed within the project, representing the actual work that takes place.
Explanation: An EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) contract is a type of construction contract where the contractor is responsible for the engineering design, procurement of materials, and construction of the project.
Explanation: Performance security is typically required from successful bidders before the contract agreement is finalized. It serves as a guarantee of the contractor’s performance.
Explanation: Corrupt practice involves offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting anything of value to influence improperly the actions of another party in a project or contract context.
Explanation: The final technical authority of a project is often the Chief Engineer (Designated Government), who holds the ultimate responsibility for technical decisions and approvals.
Explanation: The National Building Codes (NBC) are commonly used in Nepal for building construction and design standards.
Explanation: The contractor can commence construction works after receiving the “Notice to Proceed,” which is an official communication authorizing the contractor to start the project.
Explanation: The site supervisor is often responsible for initiating most of the works related to the measurement of items and recording entries in the measurement book.
Explanation: Force majeure refers to the occurrence of an unforeseen event beyond the control of both parties in a contract, preventing them from fulfilling their obligations.
Explanation: Inspection of construction works for quality control involves various activities, including sampling, examination, and field testing of materials, testing specimens in the laboratory, and observing construction equipment and plant.
Explanation: “The Force Account” or AMANAT is a method where the owner carries out the construction work using its own tools, staff, and equipment.
Explanation: Earned value is an advanced technique used in modern construction progress review. It integrates cost, schedule, and work performance to provide a comprehensive view of project progress.
Explanation: PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique, which is a method used for planning and managing projects.
Explanation: Gantt charts are used for scheduling projects by visually representing the timing and duration of various project activities.
Explanation: A cost estimate is not typically part of a contract agreement. Instead, it is a detailed approximation of the costs involved in a project and is often used during the bidding or negotiation phase.
Explanation: Daywork is a method of compensation where a contractor is paid for the actual work performed, often used for work that cannot be accurately quantified in advance.
Explanation: Mobilization advance is given to a contractor to cover various activities needed to start the work at the site, including the preparation of equipment, staff, and other resources.
Explanation: A bar chart is drawn to represent the schedule of activities against time, providing a visual representation of the project timeline.
Explanation: The overall in-charge of an organization at the site responsible for the execution of works is generally referred to as the engineer.
Explanation: Performance security is the guarantee amount provided by the contractor to the employer to ensure the successful execution of the contract.
Explanation: The minimum number of consulting firms for the direct purchase of services is typically specified in procurement guidelines, and it is often set at a minimum of three for competition and evaluation.
Explanation: The maximum amount of project cost after the price adjustment is a specified percentage limit beyond which the adjusted cost should not exceed.
Explanation: Insurance provisions in GCC (General Conditions of Contract) can cover various aspects, including loss of damaged material, plants, equipment, and personal death or injury.
Explanation: The agreement between the engineer and the contractor outlines their respective roles, responsibilities, and contractual terms in a construction project.